Essays

Clients and Craftswomen: The Pursuit of Elegance

 

The Tirocchis' Providence customers were further linked by their shared leisure and civic activities. Out of a sample of eighty-five women (roughly one fourth of the clients), fifty were listed in the 1932 edition of The Blue Book for Providence and Nearby Cities, in effect a social register for the city. The Blue Book asked those named therein to report club membership. The Women's Republican Club of Rhode Island received more mentions (thirty) than any other single organization named by either clients or their husbands. It is not surprising that these women and their families would cast their lot with the Republican Party, which dominated state politics until the Great Depression and, with some Democratic defectors, kept a brake on regulatory and protective legislation in the state. It is notable, however, that the Women's Republican Club attracted even more members than exclusive social organizations such as the Agawam Hunt Club [fig. 39], in which twenty-seven women reported membership. In general, though, the Tirocchi clients and their husbands reported the largest number of memberships (125) in elite social clubs that included the Agawam Hunt, the Rhode Island Country Club, and the East Side Skating Club. Organizations devoted to intellectual and artistic pursuits, still within an exclusive social context, were the second most popular category. Clients and their husbands reported 101 memberships in such groups as the Rhode Island Historical Society, the Providence Athenaeum [figs. 40-41], the Providence Art Club [figs. 42-43], and the Handicraft Club. Exclusive men's clubs, such as the Turk's Head Club, the Hope Club [fig. 44], and the Squantum Association [fig. 45], counted fifty-nine customers' husbands among their members. Thirty-two belonged to organizations for those of early American lineage, among them the National Society of Colonial Dames and the Society of Colonial Wars.(7)

As a group, the Tirocchi customers and their husbands were focused on the local rather than the national scene. Only three customers reported membership in national organizations or organizations outside Rhode Island, all of which were either affiliated with the Republican Party or were similar to the in-state clubs to which they belonged. Clients' husbands also were locally focused. A handful belonged to national groups celebrating family lineage or to clubs in other states similar to the yacht clubs and city clubs that they frequented in Rhode Island.

The most glaring omission in the list of Providence customers' club memberships is the absence of women's reform organizations devoted to "social housekeeping" in the early twentieth century. Even the relatively staid but still feminist American Association of University Women, although it did attract other women listed in The Blue Book, did not number a single Tirocchi client in its ranks. The Blue Book did not list memberships in organizations more active in social reform, but a search of such organizations' records reveals that Tirocchi customers took part only in the most conservative and timid of them. Twenty-nine of the women in the sample of eighty-five were affiliated in some way with the Irrepressible Society. Founded in 1863, the Irrepressible Society brought women together to sew first for Union soldiers, then later for former slaves; but after the Civil War its attention shifted to "the general charitable work of the city." The Irrepressible members distributed coal and food to the city's poor, as well as garments they either sewed themselves or paid poor women to sew [fig. 46]. As charity work became more professionalized and rationalized, the Irrepressibles gradually de-emphasized volunteer participation, turned much of the casework over to professionals, and focused more narrowly on aiding the disabled rather than the larger universe of the poor. By the 1920s, its focus was almost exclusively on running a store to sell poor women's sewing products. Most of the Tirocchi clients were minimally involved with the Irrepressible Society as subscribers, a status which required only a dollar's annual contribution. By 1926, the organization had been absorbed into the Junior League, and Junior League programs for the late 1920s indicate that Tirocchi customers sewed clothing for sale in the Junior League shop.(8)

 

 

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